Feature Article
The Compelling Case for Indentation as a Functional Exploratory and Characterization Tool
David B. Marshall,
Robert F. Cook,
Nitin P. Padture,
Michelle L. Oyen,
Antonia Pajares,
Jodie E. Bradby,
Ivar E. Reimanis,
Rajan Tandon,
Trevor F. Page,
George M. Pharr,
Brian R. Lawn,
David B. Marshall
Teledyne Scientific Co, Thousand Oaks, California, 91360
Search for more papers by this authorRobert F. Cook
Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899
Search for more papers by this authorNitin P. Padture
School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912
Search for more papers by this authorMichelle L. Oyen
Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ UK
Search for more papers by this authorAntonia Pajares
Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Energética y de los Materiales, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, 06006 Spain
Search for more papers by this authorJodie E. Bradby
Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
Search for more papers by this authorIvar E. Reimanis
Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, 80401
Search for more papers by this authorRajan Tandon
Analytical Technologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87185
Search for more papers by this authorTrevor F. Page
School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
Search for more papers by this authorGeorge M. Pharr
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996
Oak Ridge National Laboratories, Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37831
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Brian R. Lawn
Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. e-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorDavid B. Marshall,
Robert F. Cook,
Nitin P. Padture,
Michelle L. Oyen,
Antonia Pajares,
Jodie E. Bradby,
Ivar E. Reimanis,
Rajan Tandon,
Trevor F. Page,
George M. Pharr,
Brian R. Lawn,
David B. Marshall
Teledyne Scientific Co, Thousand Oaks, California, 91360
Search for more papers by this authorRobert F. Cook
Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899
Search for more papers by this authorNitin P. Padture
School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912
Search for more papers by this authorMichelle L. Oyen
Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ UK
Search for more papers by this authorAntonia Pajares
Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Energética y de los Materiales, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, 06006 Spain
Search for more papers by this authorJodie E. Bradby
Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
Search for more papers by this authorIvar E. Reimanis
Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, 80401
Search for more papers by this authorRajan Tandon
Analytical Technologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87185
Search for more papers by this authorTrevor F. Page
School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
Search for more papers by this authorGeorge M. Pharr
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996
Oak Ridge National Laboratories, Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37831
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Brian R. Lawn
Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. e-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
The utility of indentation testing for characterizing a wide range of mechanical properties of brittle materials is highlighted in light of recent articles questioning its validity, specifically in relation to the measurement of toughness. Contrary to assertion by some critics, indentation fracture theory is fundamentally founded in Griffith–Irwin fracture mechanics, based on model crack systems evolving within inhomogeneous but well-documented elastic and elastic–plastic contact stress fields. Notwithstanding some numerical uncertainty in associated stress intensity factor relations, the technique remains an unrivalled quick, convenient and economical means for comparative, site-specific toughness evaluation. Most importantly, indentation patterns are unique fingerprints of mechanical behavior and thereby afford a powerful functional tool for exploring the richness of material diversity. At the same time, it is cautioned that unconditional usage without due attention to the conformation of the indentation patterns can lead to overstated toughness values. Limitations of an alternative, more engineering approach to fracture evaluation, that of propagating a precrack through a “standard” machined specimen, are also outlined. Misconceptions in the critical literature concerning the fundamental nature of crack equilibrium and stability within contact and other inhomogeneous stress fields are discussed.
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